The territory of the country according to the degree of ecological danger is divided into zones for which standards are set that allow or prohibit types of production, economic and other activities that take into account environmental, social and economic conditions.
literature
"Fundamentals of General Ecology" GO Bilyavsky "Ecological Expertise, Law and Practice" Andreytsev YI "Resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on the Main Directions of the State Policy of Ukraine in the Field of Environmental Protection, Use of Natural Resources and Ensuring Ecological Safety ". "National Report of Ukraine on Biodiversity Conservation" Environment and Development ". Voronov AK05/02/2011
,To solve the problem of continuous and inexhaustible forest use, growing highly productive forest plantations according to the type of forest conditions, obtaining the maximum forestry effect at minimum cost, the reproduction of forest resources by creating forest crops is of paramount importance.
Even in many types of forests, where natural reforestation is good, to prevent the replacement of major species with secondary ones, it is advisable to resort to artificial reforestation. It is forest crops that should enrich the species composition of forests, prevent its impoverishment.
The composition of artificial plantings must correspond to the specific type of forest, otherwise the productivity, value of crops decreases, their sanitary condition deteriorates. In addition, the complex relationships between tree species should be taken into account: valuable species with less competitiveness may fall out of the stand or grow poorly.
Because natural plantations are more stable and durable than artificial ones, the process of natural restoration of valuable species, including oak and pine under the tent of mature plantations, is the subject of many scientific studies. The conclusions of scientific research indicate the complexity of the process of reforestation in the forests of Ukraine. Restoration of oak in its native types of forest vegetation conditions – sub-groves and oak groves – is mostly unsatisfactory, mainly with the change of species (hornbeam and softwood).
In oak forest types in the fertile years there is a forest natural regeneration of oak, which dies within two or four years due to lack of light, competition from the root systems of the mother stand and attenuation of secondary species – hornbeam, aspen, birch , linden. After the main felling of oak plantations, the restoration takes place due to oak growth with a small participation of seed specimens. A significant number of specimens of oak in the undergrowth is observed in some places in suburban types of forest vegetation conditions (in particular, in Western Polissya).
Then you can form a complex plantation of pine in the first and oak in the second tier. Natural recovery on pine logs is unsatisfactory, in insufficient quantities or absent. For the most part, there is a change in pine with soft-leaved species (mainly birch).
Replacement of oak and pine in their native forest types with less valuable species naturally is explained by their weak competitiveness in the control of herbaceous vegetation, periodicity of fruiting, destruction of seeds by rodents, slow growth at a young age while samosa hornbeam, birch or aspen grows very quickly. and their growth is even more intense.
Due to drainage reclamation, reduction of the completeness of stands by clear-cutting, cattle grazing, recreational loads, etc., there is a weakening of tree fruiting. This is especially true of one of the most valuable species – oak, which has the highest productivity in the indigenous types – oak. Undergrowth of oak occurs in the form of protrusions and only in liquefied stands. After felling, the natural restoration of associated species drowns out the liquid oak shoots. Therefore, the most effective and reliable way to restore oaks is to create forest crops.
In the types of forest vegetation conditions that have not been actively influenced by humans, under the tent of plantations, natural recovery is mostly satisfactory. In places of intensive forestry activities, the replacement of the main species by concomitant ones is often observed as a result of poor yielding years of oak, pine, and beech.
Undergrowth of the main species, which appears under the tent of mature stands, due to continuous or last reception of gradual felling in summer using tractor skidding is almost completely destroyed, so the logs are mostly necessary to create solid forest crops. In addition, the cost of caring for oak undergrowth is 3-5 times higher than the cost of caring for crops created in the ordinary way or in the corridors.
Therefore, continuous felling requires mainly artificial reforestation, which will ensure the restoration of forests with the required composition of wood species. Thus natural restoration of both main, and accompanying breeds should be used to the full. Such reforestation is mixed and widely used in practice.
Thus, the main method of reforestation on unforested areas, fellings without natural regeneration and on lands of the reclamation fund is the creation of forest crops as the most reliable way to restore highly productive and biologically stable plantations with the participation of aboriginal and exotic species.
05/01/2011
Every future economist, https://123helpme.me/write-my-lab-report/ specialist in the national economy, every conscious person must have a general idea of the peculiarities of the current environmental situation, as well as the main directions of state policy in the field of environmental protection, use of natural resources and environmental safety. The greening of the economy and the consciousness of society is not a completely new problem. The practical reflection of environmental friendliness is closely connected, first of all, with the state regulation of nature management processes.
What is new in this problem is the equivalence of exchange between the state, nature and man, which is based on legislative, organizational and technical solutions. This problem is very acute at the present stage. It was formed over two centuries and has now become critical. Therefore, there is an objective need for state intervention in the natural and environmental sphere in order to achieve a balanced state, the state must also lay the foundations of global environmental and economic partnership between businesses, between foreign partners, at the level of global cooperation for survival and further development of Ukraine. as well as the whole civilization.
Ukraine should try to respond appropriately to social problems and support progressive world initiatives and decisions: to join various international unions, societies, to sign agreements. For example, the Rio Agenda 21 and the Convention on Biological Diversity were signed in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. Today, at the turn of the third millennium, Ukraine is trying to become a state, a reliable partner in solving global and regional problems in the European and world community. Rich natural resource potential, highly educated population, developed industry and infrastructure create all the necessary prerequisites for the implementation of the requirements of this Convention in Ukraine.
Experience shows that it is difficult to pursue an effective policy of inexhaustible development in the state, even in a prosperous economy. This problem is all the more complicated in Ukraine, a restored state that is experiencing an inherited deep systemic crisis and is forced to solve many problems at the same time: economic, social, environmental.
Despite various problems, the implementation of the principles of balanced development in Ukraine began almost simultaneously with the declaration of independence. Since 1991, economic and environmental reforms in our country have been aimed at first reaching a compromise between production and natural potential, and later – at the transition to their harmonious coexistence in the interests of the people. The formation of the new policy was based on the basic principle according to which the environmental security of the state becomes an important element and component of national and global security.
Based on this, Ukraine has developed "Main Directions of State Environmental Policy". This document defines not only the purpose and priorities of environmental protection, but also the mechanisms of their implementation, directions of harmonization and integration of Ukraine’s environmental policy in the process of "Environment for Europe" and the global environmental process. It is on the basis of this document, which combines strategic goals with specific objectives, that the Government’s programs in the field of environmental protection and environmental safety are developed.
After the establishment of the target Ministry of Environmental Protection and Nuclear Safety in Ukraine, an integrated system of regulation and management of nature management and nature protection, environmental safety, which, according to international experts, meets modern requirements. In an extremely short time, legal bases for solving environmental problems have been developed and formalized, an economic mechanism for nature management has been introduced, and a national system of standards for ensuring environmental safety and nature management has been created in accordance with international requirements.
